Morality of Homosexuality According to Rachels Free Essays

The morals and profound quality of homosexuality and gay acts have been discussed and addressed by numerous gatherings of individuals utilizing a few good ways to deal with contend their point. It appears that the gathering of individuals who are most against homosexuality are strict gatherings, explicitly Christians. Homosexuality anyway isn't ethically off-base and numerous contentions will be introduced to disprove the cases by the individuals who do accept that homosexuality is untrustworthy and ethically off-base. We will compose a custom paper test on Ethical quality of Homosexuality According to Rachels or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The methodologies that is utilized the most to contend that homosexuality and the demonstrations that are included are ethically off-base which is utilized most by Christians is the Theory of Natural Law. Presently there are three primary concerns to this hypothesis and the main point is that it is accepted that â€Å"everything in nature has a purpose† (Rachels, 2012). Aristotle, who is very notable and regarded expressed that if everybody accepts that nature makes objects for a particular reason, and this accept is right, at that point, nature makes things for man. Christians accept that God made things in nature for a particular arrangement thus in the event that that particular arrangement can not be completed, at that point it ought not be done and along these lines is ethically off-base. To associate this piece of the Theory of Natural Law to contemplations about homosexuality, one of the fundamental contentions against gay acts is that it is â€Å"unnatural. † Christians accept the demonstration of gay sex is improper in light of the fact that it doesn't end in the creation of life, which as per them are the primary reasons for sex, to make life. This contention is effortlessly invalidated in any case. When utilizing the developmental feeling of the term â€Å"unnatural,† which is the manner by which most Christians use it in their contentions, they imply that homosexuality is ethically off-base since it includes the unnatural utilization of body parts. It is accepted by a few, that since God had made private parts and the demonstration of sex for multiplication, and gay sex can not end in reproduction, that those people participating in those demonstrations are utilizing their body parts for something it they were not expected for. In this manner, what they are doing isn't right. In any case, there are numerous couples that are sterile, who will never have the chance to multiply, but then as long as the sex is hetero, Christians don't censure them. The Roman Catholic church who doesn't concur with the utilization of contraception, despite everything permits couples to have intercourse in the event that they are fruitless or during pregnancy (Mappes, Zembaty DeGrazia, 2012). Hence the Catholic church can guarantee that if the body parts are not being utilized with the end goal of reproduction then it is unnatural and indecent else they would negate their own practices. Plus, as called attention to in the book by Mappes, Zembaty DeGrazia (2012), we have various purposes for our organs and body parts. Because we utilize our mouths to breath, expend supplements and convey, yet in addition to bite gum and lick stamps, doesn't imply that those demonstrations are unethical. Despite the fact that our moths were not initially planned to bite gum or lick stamps, doesn't imply that those demonstrations are untrustworthy. In addition, it is likewise perceived by Christians that a second reason for hetero sex is to bond and associate with your accomplice and to communicate love. Gay people utilize their private parts during sexual represents those equivalent reasons also. Thus, it stands to show that Homosexuality and Homosexual sex are not corrupt and deceptive due to the â€Å"unnatural† utilization of their sex organs. A second part to the Theory of Natural Law is the conviction that everything unnatural are awful and that what is and what should be ought to be the equivalent or probably it is ethically off-base. The model that Rachels (2012) gives is that Beneficence is ethically right. That we ought to consistently act to the greatest advantage of others since we give it a second thought. In the event that we couldn't care less and along these lines are not working to the greatest advantage of others, at that point were are not being advantageous and that is ethically off-base. The individuals who couldn't care less and don't rehearse helpfulness are frequently viewed as off-base. For instance, these such people might be determined to have a psychological instability called standoffish character issue in light of the fact that the individuals who couldn't care less, couldn’t perhaps be well. It is accepted that these people perspectives aren't right and in this manner ought to be fixed. Along these lines, since society accepts that individuals should be advantageous and consequently on the off chance that they are not, at that point their activities are ethically off-base. Rachels (2012) at that point calls attention to that sex produces babies, that is certainty. In any case, does it at that point follow that sex should produces babies? Not really. The individuals who have hereditary transformations that could deliver posterity with those equivalent hereditary changes or ailments could be said should not to have babies since it would propagate agony and languishing. Would it be a good idea for it to follow then those people should not to engage in sexual relations by any stretch of the imagination? It isn't viewed as ethically wrong for those with hereditary disease to have intercourse, however it possibly thought to be ethically off-base for them to deliver a youngster. Along these lines, what is and what should be are extraordinary. With respect to Homosexuality, some accept that those people should not to engage in sexual relations since it's anything but an intrinsic want and in this way is unnatural. Furthermore, as expressed before that in which is unnatural should not to happen as per the Theory of Natural Law. It is contended that References Rachels, J. , Rachels, S. (2012). The components of good way of thinking. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Mappes, T. A. , Zembaty, J. S. , DeGrazia, D. (2012). Social Ethics: Morality and Social Policy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. The most effective method to refer to Morality of Homosexuality According to Rachels, Papers

Raising Low HDL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Raising Low HDL - Essay Example The obsessive picture in an atherosclerotic injury proposes gathering of LDL and its oxidation in the vascular subendothelial space, where monocytes from the dissemination enter to start a provocative response that would lead in the end to atheroma development. Research has likewise exhibited that monocyte passage happens at the locales of LDL peroxidation, proposing that oxidation is the reason for monocytes section. Research has likewise demonstrated that HDL apoA-I and apoA-I mimetic peptides have been appeared to forestall LDL oxidation. In addition, HDL apoA-I and apoA-I mimetic peptides have been appeared to diminish atherosclerotic sores and improve vascular reactivity in people. With respect to system of activity in creating useful impacts against atherogenesis, examines have recommended that HDL improves the opposite cholesterol transport. Over its highest point, apoA-I is additionally fit for searching the seeding atoms from LDL, accordingly forestalling the LDL-determined phospholipid oxidation and the fiery reaction out of the results. In this way, clinical administrations coordinated towards improving the HDL cholesterols in the body could bring about a helpful alternative of prophylactic potential in people who are inclined to atherosclerosis because of way of life reasons of elevated cholesterol and high triglycerides (Navab, M et al., 2004). Thusly, there are numerous helpful alternatives accessible to upgrade the HDL in people, and they are Fibrates, Niacin, and as of late Fish oils containing omega-3 unsaturated fats. Every one of them are suggested; be that as it may, given the volume of proof, it is hard to make a rule for the patients. This work plans to basically survey contemporary writing to look at the discoveries so a solitary specialist can be picked dependent on proof so as to bring the HDL step up in blood. Fibrates: While statins are viewed as helpful foundations in dyslipidemia, they are incapable in light of the fact that they have demonstrated adequacy in lessening the plasma levels of LDL-C. Be that as it may, they are awkward is decreasing the raised groupings of triglyceride rich lipoproteins, VLDL and VLDL remainders, and they have negligible activities in expanding the low degrees of HDL-C that are defensive. Fibrates have been seen to diminish plasma levels of triglycerides by 30-half and commonly increment levels of HDL-C by 5-15%, contingent upon lipid phenotype and gauge fixation. Fibrates may likewise lessen LDL-C possibly by up to 15-20% in spite of the fact that the impact is variable, contingent upon the basic lipid variation from the norm and gauge lipid phenotype (Chapman, MJ., 2006). This shows people treated with Fibrates, levels of LDL would diminish when their plasma fixations are raised and HDL-C levels will increment when gauge plasma focuses are low. In additio n, it effectively decreases apoIII-C containing lipid particles which are recognized to be markers of expanded dangers for atherogenesis. The expanded HDL levels following Fibrates are commonly reflected by expanded plasma levels of apoA-I and apoA-II. The Fibrates demonstration by means of initiation of an atomic interpretation factor PPAR in vascular tissues that effectively use lipids. This can be utilized for both essential anticipation and auxiliary counteraction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular sickness with evidently critical abatement in the paces of

Software Requirement Specification

Software Requirement Specification IntroductionPurposeThe purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the Questionnaire data gather System. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints under which it must operate and how the system will react to external stimuli. This document is intended for both the stakeholders and the developers of the system.Scope of ProjectThis software system will be a Data-gather System  for different organizations that want to carry out research work using questionnaires. This system will be designed to maximize the organization’s productivity by providing tools to assist in automating the questionnaire  review  and publishing process, which would otherwise have to be performed manually. More specifically, this system is designed to allow organizations that wish to gather data from public by means of questionnaire to insert a questionnaire of their own design into the system.  The system a lso contains a relational database  containing a list of organizations, questionnaires and other relevant information concerning the questionnaires.Overall Description of the SystemThis document contains the problem statement that the current system is facing which is hampering the growth opportunities of the company. It further contains a list of the stakeholders and users of the proposed solution. It also illustrates the needs and wants of the stakeholders. It further lists and briefly describes the major features and a brief description of the proposed system.This section provides the detail functions of a Data-gather system with user characteristics permitted constraints, assumptions and dependencies and requirements subsets.Functional Requirements Software Requirement Specification Home›Descriptive Posts›Software Requirement Specification Descriptive PostsIntroductionPurposeThe purpose of this document is to present a detailed description of the Questionnaire data gather System. It will explain the purpose and features of the system, the interfaces of the system, what the system will do, the constraints under which it must operate and how the system will react to external stimuli. This document is intended for both the stakeholders and the developers of the system.Scope of ProjectThis software system will be a Data-gather System  for different organizations that want to carry out research work using questionnaires. This system will be designed to maximize the organization’s productivity by providing tools to assist in automating the questionnaire  review  and publishing process, which would otherwise have to be performed manually. More specifically, this system is designed to allow organizations that wish to gather data from public by means of questionnaire to insert a questionnaire of their own design into the system.  The system also contains a relational database  containing a list of organizations, questionnaires and other relevant information concerning the questionnaires.Overall Description of the SystemThis document contains the problem statement that the current system is facing which is hampering the growth opportunities of the company. It further contains a list of the stakeholders and users of the proposed solution. It also illustrates the needs and wants of the stakeholders. It further lists and briefly describes the major features and a brief description of the proposed system.This section provides the detail functions of a Data-gather system with user characteristics permitted constraints, assumptions and dependencies and requirements subsets.Functional RequirementsThis subsection contains the functional requirements for the system.Display an introductory descriptive paragraphs for t he system, what it does and the targeted usersThe system shall present the title of the questionnaires after the introductory paragraph.The system shall allow the user to select the questionnaire which he/she shall answer.Each question in the questionnaire shall be a statement and shall have a check box on which the user can click to answer the question.The system shall have a submit button that a user can click on in order to submit his/her questionnaire.The system shall allow a user to make changes on the questionnaire as long as s/he has not pressed on the submit button.The system shall allow an organization to insert a questionnaire of their own design.Provide Search facility.The system shall enable user/organization to enter the search text on the screen.The system shall enable user to select multiple options on the screen to search.The system shall enable user to navigate between the search results.The system shall notify the user when no matching items are found on the search .Maintain customer profile.The system shall allow user to create profile and set his credential.The system shall authenticate user credentials to view the profile.The system shall allow user to update the profile information.Provide Customer Support.The system shall provide online help, FAQ’s customer support, and sitemap options for user support.The system shall allow user to select the support type she/he wants.The system shall display the customer support contact numbers on the screen.The system shall allow user to enter the contact number for support personnel to call.The system shall display the online help upon request.The system shall display the FAQ’s upon request.Allow online change or cancellation of a questionnaire.The system shall display the questionnaires that are eligible to change.The system shall allow user to select the questionnaire to be changed.The system shall allow user to cancel the questionnaire.The system shall allow the user to submit a questionnaire l ater.The system shall notify the user about any changes made to the questionnaire.All this features will only be available to authorized persons only.Provide detailed sitemap.The system shall allow user to view detailed sitemap.The System shall be able to present a summary of the responses collected, offering the authorized user a choice of statistical presentations of the data.Non-Functional RequirementsUsabilityGraphical User InterfaceThe system shall provide a uniform look and feel between all the web pages..The system shall provide use of icons and toolbars.AccessibilityThe system shall provide handicap access.The system shall provide multi language support.999% availability through their network facilities onto the internet.PerformanceThe system shall be web-based and has to be run from a web server.The system shall take initial load time depending on internet connection strength which also depends on the media from which the system is run.The performance shall depend upon hard ware components of the client/customer.SecurityData inputNo respondent should be able to fill a questionnaire more than once.The system shall allow anonymous respondents to provide fill questionnaires.Data TransferThe system shall use secure sockets in all transactions that include any confidential user information.The system shall automatically log out all users after a period of inactivity.The system shall confirm all transactions with the customer’s web browser.The system shall not leave any cookies on the customer’s computer containing the user’s password.The system shall not leave any cookies on the customer’s computer containing any of the user’s confidential information.Data StorageThe customer’s web browser shall never display a customer’s password.   It shall always be echoed with special characters representing typed characters.The system’s back-end servers shall never display a user’s password.   The user’s password may be reset but never shown.The sys tem’s back-end servers shall only be accessible to authenticated administrators.The system’s back-end databases shall be encrypted to avoid hacking and data alteration.On-line User Documentation and Help System RequirementsOn-line help system is a critical component of the system.It shall provide specific guidelines to a user for using the Questionnaire data gather system.To implement online user help, link and search fields shall be provided.A general knowledge of computer skill is required to use the system.Hardware InterfacesSince the application must run over the internet, all the hardware shall require to connect internet will be hardware interface for the system. As for e.g. Modem, WAN â€" LAN, Ethernet Cross-Cable.Communications InterfacesThe system shall use the HTTP protocol for communication over the internet and for the intranet communication will be through TCP/IP protocol suite.

United States Use of Tageted Killing (TK) Essay - 1294 Words

Targeted killing (TK) is the premeditated killing of an individual by a state organization or institution outside a battlefield. It is with this method that the United States use to capture terrorist around the world. The only problem is that this particular act is not morally right due to the innocent lives this method takes. Though it can get the job done of capturing terrorist that wishes to attack the United States, it’s still morally wrong for us to use this. And I will propose that the Unite States use another method to capture terrorist that doesnt involve the lives of those that in the surrounding areas. It’s the only way that American will be able to kill who’s needed without starting another war. Engagement in TK only promotes†¦show more content†¦Targeted Killings are also considered extrajudicial killings. An extrajudicial killing is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process. Extrajudicial punishments are by their nature unlawful, since they bypass the due process of the legal jurisdiction in which they occur. If there is no collateral damage, targeted killings in another country’s territory threatens to draw criticism from local domestic constituencies against the government, which either acquiesced or was too weak to stop the operation in its territory. Such is the case now in both Pakistan and Yemen, where opposition forces criticize the governments for permitting American armed intervention in their countries. Ultimately, the ever-escalating violence and the cycle of revenge, misery, and public outrage wrought by these killings cheapen human life and humane values. According to The Supreme Court Sitting as the High Court of Justice, petitioners claim that the targeted killings policy violates the rules of international law even if the laws applicable to the armed conflict between Israel and the Palestinians are the laws of war. These laws recognize only two statuses of people: combatants and civilians. Combatants are legitimate targets, but they also enjoy the rights granted in

Growing Up From An Economic Recession - 1021 Words

Growing up in Ghana in the early to mid-nineties was very challenging for me and most people I came into contact with; yet provided the acumen to make sound personal and professional decisions. Ghana was recovering from an economic recession mainly attributed to series coup d’à ©tats that destabilized the economy and crippled most state institutions. As a result of this, the country experienced a protracted period of serious economic decline characterized by lax financial management, inflation rates well over 40%, extensive government involvement in the economy and an extremely high budget deficit. These weak macroeconomic fundamentals influenced the government’s decision to implement a series of strenuous public policies; with the goal to place Ghana back on sound economic and social footing. I woke up one morning to prepare for school; however, I realized that the airwaves were filled with anger. Most people in my neighborhood were glued to their radio sets, waiting impatiently on the government to confirm the rumors, about its decision to replace the current sales tax rate with a new one; the Value Added Tax. Around midday, the government finally announced its decision to amend the tax system and outlined in detail various segments of the new tax policy. Under the new tax structure, taxes will be levied on every supply of goods and services made in Ghana, every importation of goods into the country and the supply of any imported service. The new tax system is meant toShow MoreRelatedGrowing Up From An Economic Recession874 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up in Ghana in the mid-nineties was a very challenging moment of my life. The West African country was recovering from an economic recession mainly attributed to series coup d’à ©tats that destabilized the economy and crippled most state institutions. 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H Cae Free Essays

Assignment # 1 Roll# 10126006 Name: Awais Nawaz TSCM APT-304 Tasks 1. Identify Products range they deal in HM brand deals in: †¢ Assecories †¢ Suitning for women men †¢ High volume fashion basics for menwomen †¢ Swimwear †¢ Nightwear †¢ Underwear †¢ Ladies Footwear †¢ Cosmetics †¢ Childrenwear †¢ Children apparel 2. Identify Customers (Consumers) HM brand’s customers are: †¢ Men †¢ Women †¢ Teenagers †¢ Children 3. We will write a custom essay sample on H Cae or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identify Means of Competition (Why will consumer buy the products ) HM retail stores have products that are High Fashionable Quality at low prices. HM has advanced technology integration such as EDI, GPS and RFID. ? EDI: HM stores used EDI system to check the availability of the product in other stores. ? GPS Technology: HM has GPS technology, customers snap a picture of virtual articles of clothing and pinpoint a shopper’s location store where they did window shopping. ? RFID: HM used RFID system to track its product inventory and real-time location acsess for products in warehouse. There are differnet competitors of HM like: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Express Zara NYC Forever 21 1 †¢ GAP 4. Which are the infrastructure related aspects the company excels in HM brand has its own distribution centre are quite good. HM does not own any factories. Instead, clothes and other products are commissioned from around 700 independent suppliers, primiraly in Asia and Euorpe. HM has 2200 retail stores operate in 40 countries around world. 5. Product sources Soureces of HM brand are Asia and Euorpe. About two third of thier supplier have production in Asia. Asia product suppliers are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ China Compodia India Pakistan Indonesia South Korea and Sri Lanka. The remaining suppliers are in Europe for the most part. They are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 6. Turkey Italy Portugal Greece Bulgaria Romania Lithuania Poland and England. Supplier processes Suppliers for HM Brands are; Full production, private brand and branded manufacture. Full production: †¢ †¢ Supplier buys all the material and is responsible for them. HM gives design and product specifications to its suppliers. Private brand: †¢ HM supplier is responsible for quality and HM retailer may return all faulty goods returned to them by the consumer. Branded manufacturing: †¢ All Design is done by the HM. †¢ Marketing and Retailing are controlled by HM. 7. Retail processes HM has its own retail Outlets. A key ingredient in retailing success is the strength of a company’s distribution channels. In some markets H is collaborating with franchise partners, but franchising is not part of the general expansion stra tegy. 8. Brand retailer H is a brand retailer, becuase of the following factors: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 9. It has its own product designs. Marketing Sourcing And Retailing. Product concepts Product concept of H is that to offer high fashion and quality products at the best price, quality also means that the products must be manufactured in away that is environmentally and socially sustainable. 10. Marketing strategy H brand’s marketing strategy is Generating ‘Word of Mouth’ through ‘fashion and quality at the best price’ and other mediums such as: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Outdoor advertising Direct market H Magazine Fashion blog: http://www. popbee. com/ Video advertisements Print advertisements E-marketing H own website (www. m. com). 3 11. Draw a Supply Chain Model Supply Chain Model Retailer’s Locations Africa(Egypt, Morocco) Asia(China,Japan, Saudi Arab, UAE,South Korea, Singapor, ThaiLand, Oman) North America( Canada, US) South America: Chile Europe( Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Finland, Turkey, Switzerland, Norway, Greece, Poland) Distribution Network Own Distribution Netw ork ‘Swedish’ Sourcing Locations Asia(China, India, Pakistan, Sout Korea, Sri Lanka) Euorpe(Turkey, Italy, Greece, Poland, England) 4 How to cite H Cae, Essay examples H Cae Free Essays Assignment # 1 Roll# 10126006 Name: Awais Nawaz TSCM APT-304 Tasks 1. Identify Products range they deal in HM brand deals in: †¢ Assecories †¢ Suitning for women men †¢ High volume fashion basics for menwomen †¢ Swimwear †¢ Nightwear †¢ Underwear †¢ Ladies Footwear †¢ Cosmetics †¢ Childrenwear †¢ Children apparel 2. Identify Customers (Consumers) HM brand’s customers are: †¢ Men †¢ Women †¢ Teenagers †¢ Children 3. We will write a custom essay sample on H Cae or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identify Means of Competition (Why will consumer buy the products ) HM retail stores have products that are High Fashionable Quality at low prices. HM has advanced technology integration such as EDI, GPS and RFID. ? EDI: HM stores used EDI system to check the availability of the product in other stores. ? GPS Technology: HM has GPS technology, customers snap a picture of virtual articles of clothing and pinpoint a shopper’s location store where they did window shopping. ? RFID: HM used RFID system to track its product inventory and real-time location acsess for products in warehouse. There are differnet competitors of HM like: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Express Zara NYC Forever 21 1 †¢ GAP 4. Which are the infrastructure related aspects the company excels in HM brand has its own distribution centre are quite good. HM does not own any factories. Instead, clothes and other products are commissioned from around 700 independent suppliers, primiraly in Asia and Euorpe. HM has 2200 retail stores operate in 40 countries around world. 5. Product sources Soureces of HM brand are Asia and Euorpe. About two third of thier supplier have production in Asia. Asia product suppliers are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ China Compodia India Pakistan Indonesia South Korea and Sri Lanka. The remaining suppliers are in Europe for the most part. They are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 6. Turkey Italy Portugal Greece Bulgaria Romania Lithuania Poland and England. Supplier processes Suppliers for HM Brands are; Full production, private brand and branded manufacture. Full production: †¢ †¢ Supplier buys all the material and is responsible for them. HM gives design and product specifications to its suppliers. Private brand: †¢ HM supplier is responsible for quality and HM retailer may return all faulty goods returned to them by the consumer. Branded manufacturing: †¢ All Design is done by the HM. †¢ Marketing and Retailing are controlled by HM. 7. Retail processes HM has its own retail Outlets. A key ingredient in retailing success is the strength of a company’s distribution channels. In some markets H is collaborating with franchise partners, but franchising is not part of the general expansion stra tegy. 8. Brand retailer H is a brand retailer, becuase of the following factors: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 9. It has its own product designs. Marketing Sourcing And Retailing. Product concepts Product concept of H is that to offer high fashion and quality products at the best price, quality also means that the products must be manufactured in away that is environmentally and socially sustainable. 10. Marketing strategy H brand’s marketing strategy is Generating ‘Word of Mouth’ through ‘fashion and quality at the best price’ and other mediums such as: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Outdoor advertising Direct market H Magazine Fashion blog: http://www. popbee. com/ Video advertisements Print advertisements E-marketing H own website (www. m. com). 3 11. Draw a Supply Chain Model Supply Chain Model Retailer’s Locations Africa(Egypt, Morocco) Asia(China,Japan, Saudi Arab, UAE,South Korea, Singapor, ThaiLand, Oman) North America( Canada, US) South America: Chile Europe( Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Finland, Turkey, Switzerland, Norway, Greece, Poland) Distribution Network Own Distribution Netw ork ‘Swedish’ Sourcing Locations Asia(China, India, Pakistan, Sout Korea, Sri Lanka) Euorpe(Turkey, Italy, Greece, Poland, England) 4 How to cite H Cae, Papers

The Nine Tailors Essay Example For Students

The Nine Tailors Essay The given extract from The Nine Tailors by Dorothy Sayers talks about the unendurable pain experienced by the character, Wimsey by a rather simple notion of a loud noise. The passage has a concise beginning and end, further giving it a whole look. In this passage, features such as language, style, sentence structure and characterization have been analyzed, portraying the effective ways in which Sayers has illustrated Wimseys feelings. The style of the author is ornate and emotive, giving a dramatic effect to the readers. The language used is concrete and descriptive, and forceful. Sayers has seldom used repetition and has managed to use a diverse vocabulary. Nonetheless, in order to stress on the intense sentiment experienced by the character, words like brazen, reel and totter have been repeated. The word brazen in the personification the brazen fury of the bells describes the extent to which the character finds the sound of the bells agonizing and loud, almost indicating it to be blatant and shameless. The word fury further gives persona to the sound, and accordingly the sound can be called the antagonist of this passage. It must be noted that there is no protagonist as such in this passage, hence making the reader focus solely on the pessimism of the sound and its effects. We will write a custom essay on The Nine Tailors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The language used is mostly of emotion and there is no reason at all displayed in this passage :- unendurable shrill clangour, raving madness, stunned and shaken. The author has, thus, hinged on using extremity in terms of displaying feeling of the speaker, which could also be because of the omniscient point of view. The effect this has on the reader is one of surprise, at the degree of pain felt by only a certain sound, and sympathy. At the same time Sayers ensures that the reader is able to maintain an easy flow of reading throughout the passage, as the reader soon realizes that no reason is involved. The language barely has any control displayed, as the author clearly states the speakers feelings repeatedly and openly, as a result not much connotation is required to figure out what the speaker is thinking or feeling. It was brute pain, a grinding, bludgeoning, ran-dan, crazy, intolerable torment. The personification brute pain implies how the character felt suppressed by the sound . The feelings evoked in this passage are rather intense and mostly downbeat, but due to the intensity the tension is effectively built. The sentences are well-balanced, with a scarce usage of phrases. He made his way down to the belfry door and climbed the stair to the ringing chamber. Nonetheless on the whole, the passage is not as balanced as it focuses only on one area of feeling, except the end paragraph. This helps in creating the meaning and keeping the steady but uptight rhythm. The punctuation used was ordinary, with mostly full stops and commas. Caesura was used in the passage only to list down the description of the noise. shrill, high, sweet, relentless note went stabbing and shivering. This rambling on of description of the noise, along with the pain, displays to the reader the only two things that were focused by the speaker, or by the character in this passage. Adjectives were stressed on, partly due to the use of caesura and also due to the kind of adjectives used most were hard sounding and long, with a fair usage of words starting with b t d. A lot of parallels are used, i.e. many a times different words describe the same idea or thought, this keeps the reader in order with the big picture and makes it easier to understand. Repetition has been used in certain cases, sometimes using forms. .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .postImageUrl , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:hover , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:visited , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:active { border:0!important; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:active , .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud58b9f21047ab72a92cd57ea54310ffa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Handmaids Tale EssaySimiles have been used often. The brazen fury of the bells fell about his ears like the blows from a thousand beating hammers, staggered like a drunken man, like a sword on the brain all describe the outcome of the sound. Personification has been used in the second example, where the tower has been compared to a drunken man, another example would be sweating ringers. Even though the tower was not actually whirling, Sayers uses this simile in order to illustrate how the character felt perceived, in that state of mind. Metaphors also bring out the same effect, it was brute pain. This tells the readers that the outlook of the speaker has been heavily i nfluenced by his feelings and consequently his sensibility is abridged, within the passage. Cacophony is utilized in the passage, to further augment the mood with this pain, grinding, bludgeoning, ran-dan. Furthermore, Sayers has used irony It was infinitely worse than any heavy roar of artillery. That had beaten and deafened, but this unendurable shrill clangour was a raving madness, an assault of devils. where she implies that even a notion as strong as artillery, which is of an attacking nature, doesnt overpower the sound, as even that dies. There are recurring images of wheeling, and of the painful sound. Feelings aroused by them are of weakness, mostly, as the speaker is profoundly subdued by them. The setting of a belfry seems ideal in the light of the passage, that is to say that in order to describe the thoughts and feelings of a person enduring the arduous crash of the sound of outsized bells, it is fitting and creates a sense of realism. Mood is created by the usage of diction. The state of mind of the speaker seems to be one of averting the agony created by the bells. The passage does not tell us about the character in general, as it started off with the a tense situation and ended as soon as it was solved. However, it does tell us about the thoughts and feelings of the character very clearly, and the motifs. We can see a sort of a battle being fought within the character himself, trying to be sane in the midst of the insanity not deliberately felt by the character. The reader can also sense the pessimism of the character, as virtually the whole passage solely talks about that. The effect on the character, of the noise is very clearly seen as well. The feelings experienced by the character are of the same kind however slowly increasing along the course of the passage, barring the last paragraph. Wimsey is well oriented, as he clearly realizes what he needs and is well aware of his surroundings. The speaker doesnt directly speak but once, and the thought portrayed again confirms his feeling. He also screams but he cant hear himself, describing well again to the readers the penetrating noise. This sole line is one of the few rational aspects of this extract, perhaps because it is not his unspoken feelings but a given need. Even though the readers are aware of the speakers thoughts and feelings, the speaker does avoid saying things, possibly in an attempt to control the madness felt by him or because he was the only one placed in this situation. The change of mood created in the last paragraph is largely due to the shift in the feelings of the speaker, created by the usage of words. As he flung the doors behind him, the demonaic clangour sank back into the pit, to rise again, transmuted to harmony, through the louvres of the belfry windows. The end last sentence contains a contrast, and clears up the constant sense of worry and irritability felt by the character throughout the passage, as well as the reader. By using words like harmony, Sayers creates a more optimistic feeling, and one of relief. The phrase As he flung the doors behind him further shows how Wimsey at long last didnt feel suppressed by the sound, but in fact faintly superior, and this feeling is strengthened by the fact that Wimsey was now standing on top of the tower. This line changes the tone and the mood of the passage from a harsh and tense one to a fairly calmer one. .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 , .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .postImageUrl , .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 , .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904:hover , .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904:visited , .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904:active { border:0!important; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904:active , .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904 .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf02ccdb821cf7d5972ac9b373ba8f904:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: As I Lay Dying - Faulkner EssayConcluding, Sayers has effectively managed to portray Wimseys feelings as he endures the sound, weaving descriptions of the pain along with those of the sound. The contrast gives the passage a good end, and the setting effectively complements the tone and the mood, making it a well-balanced piece of work.

History of Apartheid

History of Apartheid Free Online Research Papers Apartheid; the word alone sends a shiver down the spines of the repressed African community. Apartheid was a mordant period in the history of South Africa. . The word apartheid means â€Å"separateness† in the Afrikaans language and it described the rigid racial division between the governing white minority population and the nonwhite majority population. The Afrikaners are a South African people of Dutch or French Huguenot descent. The Nationalist party of South Africa was founded in 1914 by James Barry Munnik Hertzog to protect and promote the interests of Afrikaners against the pro-British policies of the South African party, which was led by Louis Botha and Jan Smuts. On May 26, 1948, the Nationalists reigned victorious and they won the parliamentary elections and gained control of the South African government. They began taking steps toward implementing apartheid. Over the next several decades, they consolidated their power. The National Party used its control of the government to fulfill Afrikaners ethnic goals as well as white racial goals. In 1961, South Africa became a republic and completed its separation from Great Britain. Apartheid turned into a drastic, systematic program of social injuring based on four ideas. First, the population of South Africa comprised four racial groupswhite, colored, Indian, and Africaneach with its own culture. Second, whites, as the civilized race, were entitled to have absolute control over the state. Third, white interests should prevail over black interests; the state did not have to provide equal facilities for the subordinate races. Finally, the white racial group formed a single nation, with Afrikaans, while Africans belonged to several (eventually ten) distinct nations or potential nations, a formula that made the white nation the largest in the country. Over the years, the government introduced a series of repressive laws. The implementation of the apartheid policy, later referred to as separate development, was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950. It provided for the racial classification of every person. The law put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), white, or Colored (of mixed race). While the statutory definitions of so-called coloreds under apartheid have shifted over time, they have been persistently raven with contrad ictions. The state has variously sought to demarcate the category colored on the basis of descent, parentage, physical appearance, language preference, cultural criteria, and general acceptance by the community. The Population Registration Act defined a colored as someone who in appearance is obviously not white or Indian, and who is not a member of an aboriginal race or African tribe. The petty-bourgeois obsession with racial ‘purity and eugenics, was given expression in yet another set of repressive laws. The Group Areas Act of 1950 assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas, and the Land Acts of 1954 and 1955 restricted nonwhite residence in specific areas. These laws further controlled the already limited right of black Africans to own land, entrenching the white minoritys control of over 80 % of South African land. The laws are based on a fear of black insurgence and the desire to present the world with a picture of South Africa showing whites less heavily outnumbered by non-whites than they really are. As these Bantustans are gradually excised from the body politic of South Africa, the numerical situation of the whites changes dramatically. Non-whites outnumber whites six to one. Of the blacks the two largest groups are the Zulus and the Xhosas, numbering around 4,000,000 each. But this is a dream-a dream made possible in theory by the edicts of government. In South Africa, all things are possible. One of the most repressive apartheid restrictions was the law requiring that blacks and all other nonwhites carry a pass book stating their legal residence and workplace. Those without the proper papers could be stopped by police and summarily expelled to the countryside. Interracial Marriage and Immorality Acts prohibited marriage and sexual relations across color lines. Group Areas Act defined residential areas by race. Under it, Colored and Indians were removed to special segregated townships. Bantu Education Act gave the central government control of African education, and closed private schools for Africans and forced them to attend a separate, inferior education system. Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister, states Native education should be controlled . . . in accord with the policy of the state . . . If the native in South Africa today in any kind of school in existence is being taught to expect that he will live his adult life under a policy of equal rights, he is making a big mi stake . . . There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor. Extension of University Act segregated higher education sharply. It prohibited things such as established universities to accept black students except by special cabinet permission. The 1953 Reservation of Separate Amenities Act permitted the systematic segregation of train stations, buses, movie theatres, hotels, and virtually all other public facilities, and barred the courts from overturning such restrictions. Labor regulations in the 1950s all but outlawed the formation of trade unions except by whites, and reserved most skilled occupations for whites. The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959 furthered geographic divisions between the races by creating ten so-called homelands or Bantustans for the black population. The government had power to grant each independence and thereby deprive the people of South Africa citizenship. The Homelands remained economic backwaters. They simply could not support the masses of people confined to them. The government tried to move all Africans, accept those needed by white employers, into the Homelands. Each Homeland consisted of fragments of land, separated by white farms. Kwa Zulu consisted of 29 major and 41 minor fragments. It is estimated that 3.55 million Blacks were removed between 1960 and 1983. The social implications were severe. Two examples: In Soweto (a township near Johannesburg), with a population of over one million by 1978, sev enteen to twenty people were living in a typical four room house; in Crossroads, outside Cape Town, there were more than six people to a bed. Despite the conditions, the government continued to implement new apartheid regulations decade after decade. The Bantu Laws Amendment Act of 1964 gave the government complete authority to banish blacks from any urban area and from white agricultural areas. During the 1970s, the government stripped thousands of blacks of their South African citizenship when it granted nominal independence to their homelands. Most of the homelands had few natural resources, were not economically viable, and being both small and fragmented, lacked the autonomy of independent states. Apartheid extracted a huge human cost. In its efforts to create completely segregated residential areas, the South African government destroyed thousands of houses in racially mixed areas. With their homes destroyed, tens of thousands of people were forced into small, substandard houses, located in bleak townships and neighborhoods with poor services. Limits on black residence in urban areas also broke apart families in cases where one parent obtained a residence permit but the other did not. Restrictions on the size and location of black businesses squelched the economic aspirations of many blacks, preventing them from competing effectively with white-owned businesses. Apartheid educational policies condemned black South Africans to a severely overcrowded school system with educational policies designed to limit achievement. In the early 1950s, the African National Congress began a passive resistance campaign which helped it form a broad coalition. It issues a Freedom Charter that s aid South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people. The government reacted by passing further repressive legislation and by arresting 156 people. The Pan-African Congress organized a campaign against the pass laws. People gathered at police stations without passes. The campaign led to the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960 when police opened fire on an unarmed group killing 67 Africans and wounding 186. This led to widespread disturbances and the subsequent banning of both resistance coalitions. The government declared a state of emergency, and arrested 98 Whites, 90 Indians, 36 Colored, and 11,279 Africans. Nelson Mandela and other leaders were jailed in 1963 and tried in 1964. The government crack-down succeeded and suppressed the resistance for several years. The spirit of resistance grew, and on June 16, 1976, thousands of Black schoolchildren in Soweto protested against being taught in Afrikaans. After the police killed a boy, the protests spread throughout the country. The government once again reacted brutallykilling over the next months 575 people. The date of the Soweto Uprising is now recognized in South Africa as National Youth Day. Soweto was another dramatic turning point. But it took 14 more yearsyears of repression, resistance, and violence, but no widespread civil warbefore the transition to majority rule and democracy began. The transition began with President de Klerks election in 1990. Research Papers on History of ApartheidBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is Art

Die vs. Dye

Die vs. Dye Die vs. Dye Die vs. Dye By Maeve Maddox Although referred to as a â€Å"hoax,† a recent false report of the death of a beloved celebrity was the result more of ignorance than of malice. The rumor may have stemmed from this headline above a story posted in September in the Empire News: Actress Betty White, 92, Dyes Peacefully In Her Los Angeles Home A pun that the headline writer must have thought was extremely clever is in fact an example of extreme bad taste. The story was about the fact that Betty White dyes her hair in the privacy of her home: â€Å"Betty is a solitary kind of person,† said Witjas [White’s agent]. â€Å"She likes to relax in her home with her animals, and she rarely likes to discuss the fact, at least in public, that she is actually a brunette. She has been dyeing her own hair in her home for decades. Betty  has often told me she feels it is relaxing and soothing to dye her own hair, peacefully in her home, where she can laugh and enjoy time with her animals. She’s said on more than one occasion that as a blonde, she has had ‘more fun’ in her roles, and in life.† Irresponsibility on the part of the publication, plus the weak spelling skills of some readers, produced the distressing rumor. The word die functions as both noun and verb. As a noun, it has more than one meaning: die (noun): a small cube of ivory, bone, or other material, having its faces marked with spots numbering from one to six. (The plural of the game piece is dice.) die (noun): an engraved stamp used for impressing a design or figure upon some softer material, as in coining money, striking a medal, embossing paper, etc. As a verb, die means, â€Å"to cease to live.† Its principal parts are: die, died, (have) died, dying. The word dye also functions as both noun and verb: dye (noun): color used to stain a substance. dye (verb): to impart a color to something (fabric, hair, etc.) The principal parts are: dye, dyed, (have) dyed, dyeing. The spelling distinction between dye and die is fairly recent. Dr. Johnson (1709-1784) spells both words die in his dictionary. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) spelled both words dye. The modern spelling distinction clearly serves a valuable purpose. As for punning headlines, they may be fun to write, but they can have unintended consequences. Related post: One Die, Two Dice Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionMood vs. Tense

Advancement of Policies for Gender Equality Essay

Advancement of Policies for Gender Equality - Essay Example These are for example forums such as the famous Beijing meeting, which surprisingly took the world by surprise and which saw the creation of awareness through the setting of several policies and objectives through their mission statement. Such objectives included and not limited to empowerment of women, principle that terms women’s and female children’s rights as inalienable, etc. in general, advancement of policies for gender equality entails taking actions to promote equitable distribution of resources and wealth across both genders such that there is growth and development in the economy (Lorber, 2005). The goals of these policies enhance several goals, which can be classified basically into three categories. These include focus areas such as; capabilities, resources, opportunities and services as well as human security. Under capabilities, education for both genders especially women is advocated for so as to ensure that they attain the necessary qualifications to en able them compete effectively with their men counterparts in all fields. This is necessitated by the fact that most of the societies used to view women as property such that instead of advocating for them to go to school, they were made to get married at a fairly tender age. Under resources and opportunities, women are given a fair chance to participate in decision making thereby enabling them to acquire leadership skills. This means that they can no longer be viewed as inferior to men in this context but as equal partners in development activities.

Human_Resource_Development_in_UAE 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human_Resource_Development_in_UAE 2 - Essay Example This shall help generate ideas about the significance of employee retention in public and private organizations in UAE in regard to HRD. This would also serve as a practical guide for managers working in different sectors in UAE. While examining these concepts of HRM, it is important to instill an understanding, whether if these elements of Human Resource Development are an integral part of UAE or not. Due to increasing number of foreign workers in UAE, the concept of training and development is not seen incorporated by the public and private sectors. This argument is debatable and is subject to scrutiny. Research indicates that Human Resource Development is serving as a challenge in many sectors in UAE but the Strategic Plan, 2015 that was instilled by the government is focusing on the shortcomings in the management practices (Data Matrix Group, 2014). This plan hopes to cater all private and public sector regarding organizational policies and growth. It is also seen that UAE has taken initiative in incorporating a strategic plan to overcome skills shortages and promote training and development in organizations (Sinha, 2004). In order to develop the concept of HRD in the country, the employers of public and private sectors are required to first impart awareness regarding training and development and then initiate such programs that address this concept. According to Storey & Sisson (1993), training makes an employee more motivated to work pro-actively in their workforce as it polishes their cognitive, technical and interpersonal skills. According to Bateman & Strasser, (1984, p. 95), training gives rise to organizational commitment which is an important part of an organization which is multi-dimensional and demonstrates an employee’s loyalty to the organization. An employee who is committed to attaining organizational goals is supposedly more satisfied with his performance. Moreover, he also makes an effort to maintain this relationship by working

The Whale Rider Movie Theology Religion Essay

The Whale Rider Movie Theology Religion Essay His leadership style is Authoritarian autocratic. This style is used when leaders advise their employees what they want completed and how they want it capable, without getting the advice of their followers (Lewin, 1939). Koro is driven by his vision of a patri-lineal leadership restoring the integrity of his people. He is determined that the male line be unbroken. Koro is a very stubborn, harsh, severe chief who dominates in everything that the people do. When he believes in something, he under no circumstances changes his decisions. He is definite and powerful in all that he says and does and he hardly ever appreciates others work and effort. Koro is defensive with his beliefs and opinions and is blind towards any proof that opposes his faith. His leadership style is not people-oriented at all as he is selfish, isnt sympathetic or sensitive and never considers other peoples feelings. However he is absolutely honest to his tikanga to his understanding of Maori culture and customs an d to the teachings of his ancestors. But with that honesty comes stubbornness and a pride and thats what trips him up. Pai Koros grand-daughter Paikea is a servant leader. According to Michael McKinney (2000) is an individual who maintain what is best for all individuals even if it may not be in their individual concern to do so. A custodial position must be approached as a short-term role, preserving something greater than the self-values of long-term and long-lasting value. This is a thought of mind that focus on the job at hand and not on what the leader may achieve from the situation. It implies a caring and concerned connection between leaders and followers; individuals enthused by their essential best interests.   Pai was a strong willed girl who was born to be a leader even though koro didnt see that straight away. Persistence is a key factor of a leader. Pai was a great leader and showed many leadership qualities such as loyalty, strength and confidence. Her grandfather koro was always trying to block out all the leadership skills she portrayed as he wanted the new chief to be a male as it was part of their tradition. Pai faces many challenges caused by herself, Koro and her culture which she handles them with maturity and determination. She never gives up and is never disheartened by the fact that she is a girl and is over looked by her grandfather. Pai falls in extraversion personality of leadership as she displays throughout the movies the traits of warmth, seeking novelty and excitement, assertive, cheerful, and talkative and action oriented. Critique of effectiveness as a leader: Koro was a very effective leader as he took charge over his people and the old traditions were very important to him and he wanted everyone else to feel the same way. Koro could see the people get more distant and realised his leadership is not working so he started to search for a leader. Koro spent his life looking for a new leader he could not see that Pai was right in front of him. Koro refuses to acknowledge Pai as leader despite her constantly showing herself to be more competent than any of the boys. In the film when Koro screams, You dont mess around with sacred things, you can feel the strength of his belief but Pai is equally determined, and so the battle is joined. However in the end he accepts Pai as a leader. Paikea was a strong willed girl who was born to be a leader even though koro didnt see that straight away. Persistence is a key factor of a leader.Throughout the movie, Pai has to not only fulfill the tribes expectations; she has to go beyond them. Not only does she carry out her role brilliantly, she realizes that there is a need for the whale rider and steps up to fulfill her role. For example, at her first school concert, when all her peers were misbehaving, Pai continues to sing, keeping her focus, determined to prove that she is serious about the tribes culture and her ambitions to become the whale rider. This event proved to the community that Pai cared more for the tribe than most of the other boys. Pai tried many ways to change this fact and expectation and prejudice. For example, she overcomes this challenge by learning the ways of the tribe, including chants, the art of the taiaha and actively participating in community life. Pai worked very hard to impress Koro and hence she is a very effective leader. The type of power held: Koro hold legitimate power. It refers to different types of professional positions. Koro has high expectations for the local community and is deeply disappointed when he realises that there will be no son and heir to continue as Chief. Even though he loves Pai, he will not allow himself to see her potential as a leader because she is a girl. The struggle to find an appropriate leader and how leadership is needed to sustain a successful community was present in Koros leadership style. Pai holds referent power that is gained by organization. Pai is very strong willed, powerful and brave. Her qualities and skills are noticed by all of the people around her, as her bravery carried her through such difficult times where she felt neglected and Koro said that everything went wrong after she was born. When Pai knew she had the qualities to be the next chief and Koro didnt register, she persisted through his rudeness and eventually became the next chief in training. This is the type of power she had. How they used this power: Koro, the leader of a community that was once dominated by ancient rules and laws passed down many generations, struggles to find a suitable leader who can improve the way of life and bring back the traditions and laws that were once obeyed by the people. Koro is blind to this though because he believes that the next leader has to be a boy hence Koro did not use his power to his maximum. Throughout the movie, Paikea shows resilience, persistence and dignity all good qualities of a leader. She never gives up and is never disheartened by the fact that she is a girl and is over looked by her grandfather. We see her testing the old ways, and undertaking the difficult demands of traditional soldier practice. It is she who goes into the sea to bring back Koros prize possession. She used her power to the betterment of the community. Throughout the movie, Paikea battles her way so that Koro sees that she is good enough to become the leader hence she used her power well. Discussion / evaluation to leadership theory Using the trait theory, with Pai, she is adaptable to situations, is assertive, co-operative, energetic, persistent, self- confident and is willing to assume responsibility and is diplomatic and tactful. Several elements of Pais leadership is displayed, example her comments about smoking and health, fixing the rope, learning about her culture, participating in the life of the community. As Paikea exerts herself to Koro, she shows skills of a leader. For example, she shows confidence in standing up for what she thinks is right. When Koro yelled or got angry at Paikea she did not hold a grudge or shut everyone out, she kept fighting! In one scene in the film, Pai invites Koro to a concert where she is to perform a speech in her native language (Te Reo). She tells him that he is her guest of honour. The scene opens with teacups laid out and people bringing food. Pai requests that a chair is left for her grandfather, but he doesnt turn up. She makes her speech despite her huge disappointment that Koro is not there to see her. She is announced the winner of the speech competition. Using Great Man theory with Koro, he has a lot of rules he has to live by. He is the boss. The question is why does Pai support Koro even though he is so harsh to her? She understands some of his concerns about being a leader. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effects On the East coast of New Zealand, the Whangara citizens consider their existence there dates reverse a thousand years or more to a single ancestor, Paikea, who fugitive death when his canoe turn over by riding to coast on the backside of a whale. From then on, Whangara chiefs always the first-born is male who have been considered Paikeas descendants. Pai a 12-year-old girl in a patriarchal New Zealand tribe, believe she is meant to be the new chief. However her grandfather Koro is restricted by custom to pick a male leader. Pai loves Koro more than any person in the world, but she must fight him and a thousand years of custom to fulfil her destiny. Koro is the chief of the village and has the most seniority as he is the head of the traditional tribe. The people in the village took pride in their tradition and culture which enabled him to be listened and obeyed. Individual culture and its effect(s) In the film Maori tradition and culture has been displayed and this formed the beliefs between the two characters, Koro and Pai. Both of them cared for their village and dedicated themselves into the Maori culture and tradition for have a successful outcome. The film shows that culture is important and that working together makes everything better. Other leadership concepts and ideologies identified The film shows that no matter who the person may be, with the qualities of a leader, one can bring unity to the tribe. The film also shows how resilience is a significant aspect of being a leader. Pai had spirit, every time Koro shot her down she would get back up and keep trying. It also has an implication of womens rights and equality between men and women. In the film Pai had all the qualities of a leader, still she was dominated because according to the culture women cannot be leaders. The film especially highlights the fact that leaders have to respect the other members of the community as well as having the right characteristics of leadership. I also learnt good and bad trait in a leader from the roles of Pai and Koro. The community scenes on the Marae, working together to help the whales, paddling in unison in the waka at the end shows the togetherness of the community. IN GOOD COMPANY In Good Company is a comedy. Drama, romance movie that was released in 2004.This movie commences with Waterman Publishing and its flagship magazine Sports America being acquired by Globecom International in a corporate takeover. The two main leaders which have been chosen for this assignment are Dan Foreman (Dennis Quaid) and Carter Duryea (Topher Grace). Dan Foreman is a 51 year old head of advertising sales for a major sports magazine that has 20 years of experience as well. He is happily married with two daughters and who is also expecting a new child. Dan faces a life changing event when he was demoted to second in order of advertising and was replaced by Carter Duryea. Carter is 26 year old, newlywed of 7months and was dumped by his wife just as he gets the promotion. He talks a good game about sales but he doesnt have any experience from the field. Robbins and Judge (2007) defined leadership as ability to control a group toward the success of a vision or set of goals. Leadership styles The leadership style showed by Dan Foreman was charismatic leadership. The Charismatic Leader gathers group through dint of behaviour and charisma, rather than any form of exterior power. It is attractive to watch a Charismatic Leader working the region as they move from person to person. They pay much consideration to the individual they are chatting to at any one instant, making that person think like they are, for that time, the most significant person in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of concern in scanning and reading their surroundings, and are good at picking up the mood and concerns of both individuals and big audience. They then will sharpen up their actions and words to suit the situation. In the film, when the employees were fired from their job, Dan took responsibility to inform them because he was concerned about their feelings, and that he would be able to comfort them rather than Carter as he has been working with them for many years. Musser (1987) notes that charismatic leaders seek to inspire both commitment to ideological goal and also commitment to themselves. The extent to which either of these two goals is leading depends on the underlying motivation and needs of the leader vary anything. Despite their charm and perceptible concern, the Charismatic Leader may well be rather more concerned with themselves than anybody else. The leadership style showed by Carter Duryea was Transactional leadership. The transactional leader works through creating clear arrangement whereby it is clear what is necessary of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following instructions. When the Transactional Leader assigns work to a subordinate, they are measured to be fully liable for it, whether or not they have the ability to carry it out. Transactional leadership is based in possibility in that prize or penalty is conditional upon presentation. Carter is been appointed as the head of marketing for the Sports America magazine to increase the sales for the company. According to Ohio state studies (1940) transactional leader is considered as task oriented. Effectiveness of a leader Dan is a effective leader. Dan motivates his employee and is very loyal to them. He is outspoken person and takes stand for his employees. Every employee respects him and trusts him. Carter wasnt effective leader. He doesnt have experience in the job which was given to him but he was very good in his job. He was outspoken and very convincing since the first day at work. Type of power(s) Dan has charisma power- person who has charisma will have optimistic influence on workers and create the chance for interpersonal pressure. Dan is very effective and when he speaks, people listen to him. In the film when he question to Teddy K everyone listen to him carefully. He also has Referent power: comes from being trusted and respected. The new boss (Carter) respects and trusts him. Carter Duryea holds legitimate power. The power describe leader has position of power on his team. In the film Carter is head of marketing company, he is very good in decision making and convinces people. He is very active and intelligent in his work. Carter uses his power in very effective way. He uses his power to motive others and clearly identify common goal of company. But some time he abuses his position power by firing employee. Scene from movie A scene from the movie that shows the leadership analyses for two leaders is the when Dan asked question to Teddy K when he was talking about to put one section about computers in sports America magazine. Then Dan stopped him and asked I dont understood what you are trying to say. It shows how effective he is while asking question to Teddy k and everyone is listening to him. Even Mr Teddy K impressed by him and said Dan Foreman Sports America, you ask some excellent questions. Another situation in the movie shows Carter leadership when Carter is discussing about sacking with Dan. He explained to Dan he have to cut off same salary by sacking people from sales department. Carter is transactional leader and always follows his company procedure and standard. Dan wants to save his old employee and said to Carter my salary is bigger than them why dont you sack me instead of them. But Carter convinces him because he has to follow his bosss orders. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effects Sports America magazine owned by Globecom, it is a national sports magazine and Dan spent 20 year of his life as head of advertising sales department. After that multimedia company buy it and assign Carter as new boss. Carter is on the most senior position in multimedia company. He is responsible for company sales and managing staff. He is assigned leader and power to reward and punish anyone in the organisation. Individual culture and its effect(s) Culture and tradition plays very important role both Dan carter lives. Dan is 51 year old man has loving family. He has two daughters Alex (18 year old) and Jana (16 year old). He has been very happy from his family and doing very well in his professional life. Carter is 26 year old young man and very successful in his professional life. His wife left him in the beginning of the film. He is executive officer in the organisation. He fell in love with Alex (Dans daughter) which creates uncomfortable situation between them. Leadership theories Contingency theory is illustrate to large extend in this film. According to this leadership theory leader effectiveness in group is depends on two factors: leader task or relation motivation and changes in situations. The scale least preferred co-worker is use to identify leader is task oriented or relation oriented. Leader who gets high marks on scale is people oriented and who got less mark on scale is task oriented. In the film Dan got high mark in least preferred co-worker because he is always concern about his employee. Even he is ready to leave his job to save employee work. On the other hand carter got less mark on scale because he is only concern about his task. He follows the orders given to him by the boss and never thinks about employee. He fired some employees from organisation as well. The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring is an epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson. This story is set in the world of Tolkiens establishment, known as Middle Earth. It is based on the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955) created by JRR Tolkien. It was followed by The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). It is filmed in various locations in New Zealand in 2001. In the story of a hobbit called Bilbo Baggins  has stolen the ring from a hideous creature called  Gollum. Somehow, this ring ends up with  Frodo Baggins, Bilbos nephew and all of a sudden, Frodo is at the centre of this epic play involving the ring that he knows very little about. The Fellowship of the ring is established; including nine individuals in which are Gandalf, Legolas the elf, Gimli the Dwarf, Aragorn, Boromir and his three Hobbit friends Merry, Pippin and Samwise. They went through mountains, snow, darkness, forests, rivers and plains, facing evil and danger of every corner to destroy Fellowship of the Ring. Introduction The two leaders which have been chosen for my assignment are Gandalf much like Aragorn as Strider. Gandalf is a Wizard of surpassing power and intelligence. He has awe-inspiring and the touchingly human qualities. Aragon hides an extraordinary amount of power, greatness, and knowledge under a humble exterior. Leadership Styles Gandalf is the transformational leader-leader who puts enthusiasm and power into all. They care about you and want you to success. Transformational Leaders are always observable and will rise up to be counted rather than conceal behind their troops. They show by their attitudes and performance how everybody should behave. They also make continuous hard work to inspire and rally their followers, always doing the rounds, listening, comforting and enthusing. It is their reliable pledge as much as something else that keeps people going mainly through the darker period when some may query whether the dream can ever be achieved. Overall, they balance their mind between act that creates development and the psychological state of their supporters. Perhaps they are people-oriented and consider that victory comes first and last through deep and continuous commitment. According to Stephen Warrilow (2013) transformational leadership is all about values and meaning, and a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order needs. Gandalf was the leader of The Fellowship of the Ring: getting the ring into Mordor to destroy was his goal but he was proved that that he capable of doing more and more. He was an adviser to Frodo and Aragorn and uninspired them both to grow to be better people and attain knowledge plus self actualisation (the higher order of needs). He clearly knew his vision and uninspired his followers to accomplish it. Bernard M Bass (1985) says transformational leader is a type of  leadership style  that measures the influence of followers first. The followers of such a leader feel trust, admiration, loyalty and respect for the leader. In movie Gandalf motivates Frodo to be brave and tells him if he doesnt takes the ring to destroy, and then no one will destroy it and it wont ever be destroyed. He inspired Frodo and he didnt hesitate to continue but pleased Gandalf. Aragorn is a charismatic leader. Charismatic leaders are often thought of as heros that are able to use their personal fascination to lead others. But that charismatic allure can be both an approval and a nuisance on society. Thats because charisma can be used for the good of a company for honourable reasons. Conger Kanungo (1998) describe five behavioural attributes of Charismatic Leaders that indicate a more transformational perspective image and expression, warmth to the environment, consideration to member needs, individual risk taking, performing unconventional behaviour. Aragorn was a brave man: he saved the hobbits lives in Bree by fighting with the Uruk-hai and showed good leadership by saving the lives of the team members and also by making wise decisions. The Charismatic Leader gathers supporters through dint of behaviour and charisma, rather than any form of external power. It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader running the area as they move from individual to individual. They pay much consideration to the individuals they are talking to at any one instant, making that individual feel like they are, for that point in time, the most significant individual in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay attention in scanning and analysing their surroundings, and are good at picking up the moods and concerns of both individuals and big audiences. They then will sharpen their actions and expression to suit the circumstances. Charismatic Leaders use a wide variety of methods to supervise their picture and if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice attentively at developing their skills. They may prompt trust through observable selflessness and taking own risks in the name of their values. They show great self-confidence in their followers. They are very convincing and make very useful use of body words as well as oral language. The Charismatic Leader will typically connect themselves strongly to the personality of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. The Fellowship of the Ring Aragorn was sometimes unsure of his ability to lead others but when it came to his team members he did his level best to motivate them. When qu estioned about why he does not immediately offer proof of his identity to the hobbits in Bree, one of his answers is simply that he wishes the hobbits would count him as a friend without knowledge of his lineage indeed; he is tired of being constantly asked. Musser (1987) notes that charismatic leaders seek to inspire both dedication to ideological goals and also commitment to themselves. The level to which either of these two goals is leading depends on the fundamental motivations and requirements of the leader amend anything. Despite their charm and perceptible concern, the Charismatic Leader may well be somewhat more anxious with themselves than anybody else. A typical experience with them is that whilst you are talking with them, it is like being immersed in a warm and pleasant shine, in which they are very persuasive. . In the film when Frodo decides to break the fellowship Aragorn obeys his decision by telling the hobbits that if I had the chance to go I would have gone with you to the end, into the very fires of Mordor and then motivates others. Effectiveness of a leader: Gandalf is intelligent and relatively capable while people listen to him. Gandalf had high values; he appreciated everyone and wasnt using his powers to arrange others but only to direct others. Aragon was thoughtful, trustworthy and open leader. The both leaders had clear idea and common aim to destroy ring and were very effective leaders. Type of power Gandalf have legitimate power. Legitimate power is the power that a leader gets by evasion due to his position in an organisation; a leader basically is distinguished from a follower due to the greater rights and responsibility he has than others i.e. additional rights that legitimate power bestows and distinguishes him from followers. He has some supernatural powers and a lot of knowledge about middle-earth. He also has referent power .This is at times thought of as charisma, charm, admiration, or appeal. Referent power comes from one person love and respecting another, and powerfully identifying with that person in some way. Celebrities have referent power, which is why they can manipulate everything from what individuals buy to whom they choose to office. In a workplace, a person with charm often makes everyone feel good, so he or she tends to have a lot of influence. Gandalf is 2nd wizard and he used his power to save fellowship of ring and fight with fire dragon which lead him t o death. Gandalf used his power very fairly and he sacrificed his life to save his group. Aragorn has charisma power: Charisma has been seen as politically dubious characteristics of individuals in the society and it has been searched the psychological mechanisms which lead to the emergence of charismatic leaders and their attraction to the people that follow them which describes a special person qualities making him capable inspire large number of people. Aragorn is a very effective leader and when he speaks, everyone listens and follows him. In the film when Gandalf is dead, Aragon starts leading the group; everyone follows him without any questions. Aragorn also used his power to motivate others and lead them in correct path. He has the qualities of encouraging people and making them believe him. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effect(s) The fellowship of the ring was destroyed in Rivendell fictional second age of middle-earth. The Fellowship involved nine members who joined the journey to Mordor to destroy ring in Mount Doom fires. The mission included four hobbits Frodo Baggins and his three friends Merry, Pippin and Samwise, with travelling companions Gandalf a wizard, Aragorn a human ranger, two man from Gondor, Gimli a dwarf warrior and Legolas an Elven prince. Gandalf was leader of the group and also Aragorn was assigned as the leader when Gandalf was killed. Gandalf was chosen as leader of the fellowship of the ring. The group approved him as a leader because he was the eldest and valued person He was a very effectual leader; every one respects him and obeys and follows his decisions. Aragorn was the only king in companionship but he never used his power as a king, but he inspired and motivated people by using his leadership qualities. According to Great man theory one having inherit capacity of leadership great leaders are born with traits that make them natural leaders. Aragorn took responsibilities of the situations and came up with solutions to solve them. Individual culture and its effect(s) Culture and ritual played very important part of both leaders life. Gandalf was 2nd wizard who fought with Saruman 1st wizard who abused his powers to destroy the mankind. Aragorn was king of the Gondor. No one knew that he was living in Rivendell as ranger after his father loss. Both Gandalf and Aragorn have done the best to keep mankind safe in middle-earth by leading Frodo in destroying the ring. Leadership theories The film illustrates Ohio State studies (1940s) which states two dimensions of leader behaviour. First is Consideration where a leader exhibits concern for the welfare of the members of the group such as it is people oriented. Second is Initiating structure is where a leader defines how the tasks are to be accomplished by the group such as it is task oriented. In the film Gandalf is concerned of their followers emotion and opinions, but he was also in charge for mission which should be finished.

How Can We Measure the Economic Growth of a Country? Essay

Experts have proposed many techniques to assess the economic progress of a country. One of these techniques is to calculate the sum of all the goods and services produced in the country which is known as gross domestic product (GDP). The indicator was created in the wake of great depression in 1930s and still is used to measure individual countries’ economic performance. But now most of the economists claim that GDP alone cannot reflect the economic performance of a society because it has many flaws and does not acceptably measures the household productions, voluntary work, defensive and remedial spending and cash for clunkers. To begin with GDP does not account for the household productions which have sizable effect on the economy of a nation. Unpaid work for instance, causes fall in GDP as there is no value addition. For example, if a person cooks food for his or her family then it causes fall of GDP but if the family hires a chef then GDP boosts up. Let’s take the example of drying clothes in sunshine. If you let the sun dry your clothes, the service is free and doesn’t show up in our domestic product but if you throw your laundry in the dryer, you burn fossil fuel, increase your carbon footprint, make the economy more unsustainable — and give GDP a bit of a bump. This seems illogical that if a person reduces his or her consumption then it will cause GDP to drop, eventually resulting into reduced welfare of the nation. According to various studies carried out in France, domestic production could represent as much as 75% of standard GDP. If GDP does not accurately responds to domestic production then how it can be considered a good measure for the welfare of a nation? Moreover, GDP does not correctly respond to voluntary work and public administration resulting into imperfect measurement of the welfare of a nation. A bicycle repaired by a friend makes GDP fall if the work used to be done by a professional. Thus, a society where voluntary work is widespread will enjoy a higher level of economic well-being but a lower GDP. As far as public administration is concerned, GDP always underestimates the contribution of public services. They are generally not bought by anyone on a market. For example, public gardens maintenance or tax collection. By the same token, a free service resulting from a past public investment (a road, a fountain, a public park or a public sport facility) will not appear in GDP, contrary to its private equivalent (priced road, private sport facility, etc.). Besides household production and voluntary work, another major flaw in the estimation of economic growth by GDP is that it does not appropriately measure production and often just represent it as a compensation for a previous destruction. For example, reconstruction of a destroyed bridge or repairing of inoperative machinery causes a rise in GDP. Another similar example is a boom in the business cycle after the period of recession. Now consider the upsurge in the income of the lawyers. If lawyers prosper because there are more crimes and more offences, does that mean the country is richer? Obviously not, but GDP states country is richer because GDP does not count for these crimes rather it only takes the rise in the income of the lawyers into account. Moving further, production is the decline of human and natural capital. But while calculating GDP this definition is mistreated. This can be illustrated by the example of two countries having same GDP but depreciation of human and natur al resources are not same. It reminds us of those companies who report profits only by under-reporting depreciation of assets. The case is not just theoretical: Britain and France have roughly the same GDP but British workers work 25% more. Furthermore, the contribution of defensive and remedial spending towards GDP has many shortcomings. For example, expenditures on health care, pollution abatement, flood control and costs associated with population growth and increasing urbanization — including crime prevention, highway construction, water treatment and school expansion increase gross domestic product, although mostly what we aim to buy isn’t an improved standard of living but the restoration or protection of the quality of life we already had. (Polley) In this case, it’s clear that GDP indicates the growth in the economy but it’s only the maintenance of our standard of living. Thus GDP is not reliable to judge the standard of living of a community. What’s more is the cash for clunkers whose influence on GDP is also flawed. The new car purchases are added to GDP, but the destruction of the older vehicles is not subtracted. If instead we had a trade in program for new energy efficient homes that required destroying the older, less energy efficient home, we would reach a different result about GDP effects. The new home purchase would add to GDP as for cars, but the destruction of the old home would result in a reduction of GDP because imputed rent on homes is included in GDP unlike cars. In this case, the economic multiplier effects are different about two very similar programs and as a result our economic policies are affected. There are also hidden problems like underground economy which can’t be taken into account as there are hardly any statistics available. (Polley) If economic development is indicated by GDP, then our experts are proposing faulty policies because GDP is not an accurate measure for the economic growth. If we consider the problems in the calculation of GDP, then inaccuracy of the indicator clearly depicts that it’s not an adequate measure of economic progress. For an instance, let’s assume that GDP is a good indicator of economic well being. In this single number, you get an idea of whether the economy is expanding or contracting. Paul Samuelson, Nobel Laureate and author of many textbook references, once described GDP as â€Å"truly among the great inventions of the 20th century, a beacon that helps policymakers steer the economy toward key economic objectives†. But, we forget that how hard it is to accurately sum all of the goods and services produced in a country together, from bricks and tableware to banking and software. First of all, our definition of production is not clear. We often mix the restoration and production. Secondly, statistics for each component of GDP are not easy to gather. For example, there are no statistics available on black economy. Th ird, we need a sophisticated system that can add it all together, from the number of new cars and haircuts, to the volume of teaching etc. (Blades et all) Due to these problems, GDP cannot appropriately measure the welfare of a nation. Given the fundamental problems with GDP as a leading economic indicator, we should not consider it as a measurement of economic well being. Instead, it  is just a measure of economic activities within an economy and no where it is close of accurately reflecting the living standards of the people of that economy.